황우석 同門--그 이후? 생명공학계는 지금?-英文-국문 기고문임! > 자유

	A researcher of CHA Bio & Diostech cultures stem cells at the “Good Manufacturing Practice” room at the CHA Medical Center in Bundang, Gyeonggi. By Park Sang-moon

Five researchers, clad from head to toe in sterilized surgical attire, assiduously prepared for a stem cell transplant, extracting from the blood of an umbilical cord and implanting the cells into an 80-year-old patient with cerebral palsy.

“We will be injecting stem cells we produced from umbilical cord blood into the patient,” explained Chung Hyung-min, president of CHA Bio & Diostech at the Chaum Global Stem Cell Clinical Trials Center in Bundang District, Gyeonggi.

“This treatment has been showing some good results in trials, and previous patients have shown significant improvements within a six-month follow-up period.”

According to medical experts, one of the first signs of improvement in patients suffering from cerebral palsy after stem cell treatment is an increase in muscle tone, often followed by improved vocabulary, socialization and logical comprehension.

Operating rooms of the medical center’s stem cell clinical trials center are designed to allow for the quick transference of stem cells extracted in laboratories to patients undergoing surgery. According to Chung, the CHA Medical Center is the first facility to adopt such a design, and others may follow suit in the near future.

The emergence of stem cell treatments like those seen at the Bundang medical center comes just six years since the Hwang Woo-suk scandal shattered hopes of Korea’s emergence as a biotech hub.

The country had been considered a global leader in human embryonic stem cell research until review boards affirmed in 2005 that a team led by Hwang had manipulated key data in its studies on cloning stem cells, shocking the global scientific community.

The scandal catalyzed a rise in regulations and deflated the local biotech industry.

Voices concerned with the ethical implications of the practice grew louder, and the government soon responded with policies. Before Hwang’s fraudulent paper, transplanting human somatic cells to animals was permitted. After 2005, the Bioethics Law was revised, and the practice became more restricted.

Approval standards for stem cell research also became stricter, and the centers that had once violated the rules had their research rights revoked. The system to provide and receive eggs was established, and the power of the National Bioethics Committee grew substantially.

Within the past year, however, Korea has steadily regained its place as a stem cell research powerhouse, relaxing regulations and producing the world’s first three commercialized stem cell treatments.

In July 2011, Hearticellgram-AMI, developed by Korean biotechnology firm FCB-Pharmicell, was approved by the Korea Food & Drug Administration as the world’s first stem cell treatment for clinical use for heart attack victims and signaled the country’s first salvo to put research back on the front line.

Just last week, the KFDA approved two treatments - Medipost’s Cartistem, a stem cell treatment for damaged cartilage, and Anterogen’s Cupistem, a stem cell treatment for anal fistula - registering both as the world’s second and third authorized stem cell procedures.

Noticing the country reclaiming its momentum in biotech research, President Lee Myung-bak vowed in September of last year to make a series of regulatory reforms easing clinical and licensing procedures and promised to invest nearly 100 billion won ($89 million) in stem cell research in 2012.

Lee said in his biweekly radio address last September that stem cell research is “very rewarding and significant in that it can give hope to those who suffer from rare and intractable diseases,” and added that “the government has decided to foster the stem cell industry as a core new growth engine following the footsteps of the IT industry.”

He also said the reforms would help the KFDA and other agencies “to ensure that they proactively adapt to the changes in the international environment.”

Groundbreaking treatments

With the world’s only existing stem cell treatments approved by a national food and drug administration, some analysts insist that Korea is in fact already a leader in adult stem cell research.

According to FCB-Pharmicell, its groundbreaking Hearticellgram-AMI is administered directly to the heart. Stem cells - which have the ability to differentiate cell types such as neurons, blood cells and chondroblasts - find their way to damaged areas of the heart and regenerate cardiac tissue.

The company said it conducted clinical trials on 40 patients over the past five years and was able to increase the heart ejection fraction, which is the share of blood ejected from the heart’s right and left ventricles when they contract, in all patients by an average of 5.93 percent, while another 40 patients who did not receive the treatment saw their fraction rise only by 1.76 percent.

Meanwhile, Medipost’s damaged cartilage treatment Cartistem was produced using allogeneic stem cells, which come from a donor that has genetically similar but not identical stem cells, as opposed to autologous stem cells that are extracted from the patient.

The Cartistem treatment is the world’s first allogeneic stem cell treatment, which is advantageous because it has a higher mass-production potential and consistent treatment efficacy.

Forty-three patients participated in a clinical trial with Cartistem, according to Medipost, and after 48 weeks, 42 patients were able to confirm improvements.

About 15 percent of the world’s population is reportedly suffering from cartilage and joint damage such as degenerative arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.

Anterogen’s Cupistem is a stem cell treatment that uses a patient’s own stem cells from fatty tissue to treat anal fistula in Crohn’s disease.

When 33 patients underwent a clinical trial with Cupistem, the fistulous openings completely closed for 27 patients eight weeks after the injection.

In Korea, there are about 10,000 to 15,000 patients who are currently suffering from Crohn’s disease, according to Anterogen, and among them, about 20 to 40 percent developed the Crohn’s anal fistula complication.

“Korea is renowned for its excellent clinical trials,” Chung of CHA Bio & Diostech said. “Korean doctors who engage in clinical trials have good hands and they study very, very hard,” said Chung.

“Moreover, there is no other country in the world that has the largest number of general hospitals that has more than 500 sickbeds. Korea secures both quality and quantity.”

Lee In-su, an internal medicine doctor in Seoul, agreed.

“Korea accommodates institutional infrastructure that is up to the global standard, such as the Institutional Review Board, the Food and Drug Administration and the Bioethics Committee.”

With this infrastructure, Lee added, and “excellence in clinical trials,” Korea was able to “commercialize stem cell treatments first.”

There are currently seven stem cell research institutions in Korea that are registered under the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Among the seven, however, CHA Bio & Distech is the only facility approved by the government to conduct embryonic stem cell research, which is derived from preimplantation-stage embryos. The other six work with adult stem cells.

“Adult stem cells are not manipulated but extracted from one’s bone marrow, cord blood or fatty tissues,” said Chung.

“However, an embryonic stem cell is from an embryo, which means it can be manipulated into any kind of cells. But due to the number of issues regarding ethics and safety, research in this field has been slower than adult stem cell research.”

CHA Bio & Diostech is not just unique in Korea. According to Chung, among the 750 institutes for stem cell research worldwide, only 10 have gotten involved in embryonic stem cell research.

“Investors and firms are reluctant to invest in embryonic stem cell research as it carries a label of not being bioethical,” said Chung. “Moreover, it is much harder to make, not to mention turning it into a treatment.”

Chung said there are only four embryonic stem cell treatments that were approved to go into clinical trials.

The first one was American biotech firm Geron’s embryonic stem cell treatment for spinal cord injuries. However, the company announced in November that it is “dropping its entire program, [which is in its phase 1 trial], owing to financial concerns.”

The other three are all CHA Bio & Diostech’s products.

Embryonic stem cell research is clouded by moral and ethical issues as it involves the use of human embryos to obtain cells.

According to CHA Bio & Diostech, Korea and the United States are in a leading position not only in adult stem cell research but also embryonic stem cell research as both countries “quickly made reforms to ease regulations and make national-level investments.”

“CHA Bio & Diostech and the U.S. firm Advanced Cell Technology have recently completed a phase 3 trial of one of our three embryonic stem cell treatments,” said Chung, referring to the treatment using retinal pigment epithelial cells derived from human embryonic stem cells to treat blind patients with Stargardt’s Macular Dystrophy.

“At this point, I can only say that we have some very successful results. We may be able to officially announce its approval [by the KFDA] within this month or early next month.”

According to data provided by the Ministry of Health and Welfare, Korea ranks fourth in the world after the United States, Japan and the United Kingdom in the number of stem cell patents. The ministry said that if the country braces up the system, it has the competitiveness to be the leader in stem cell research.



Playing catch-up

According to the Health Ministry’s report last year, while Korea’s stem cell research was “faltering after the Hwang scandal, many countries began easing regulations concerning stem cell research and began their investments on a national level.”

The ministry continued to say that “the U.S. allowed the federal government’s support in stem cell research in 2009, while Japan was the first country to successfully change the somatic cells into stem cell, and recently, the United Kingdom and China jumped into the area as well.”

Chung echoed that Korea is still behind other industries and needs to catch up.

“Although Korea was first to commercialize stem cell treatments, I believe stem cell research is still in its initial stage in Korea,” he said.

“The next three to five years are critical to successfully continuing the commercialization of stem cell treatments. Korean stem cell researchers must study very hard and produce many successful cases.”

In order for Korea to get back in the league as a stem cell pioneer, Chung said two elements are especially crucial: more financial support and stronger software infrastructure.

“Although President Lee promised to invest about 100 billion won in stem cell research this year, research and development of this industry is very expensive,” said Chung.

“In the U.S., there are diverse ways for stem cell treatment developers to receive financial support, such as the federal government, the state government, donations and many more, but in Korea, it’s either from the government or companies.

“The U.S. uses about $1 trillion to $2 trillion per year on stem cell research, and Japan invests about 75 billion won a year to [Shinya Yamanaka, a famed professor,] who studies stem cells.

“Although it’s good that the government decided to increase the investment, 100 billion won per year for the whole country is relatively small amount for stem cell research.”


By Yim Seung-hye [sharon@joongang.co.kr]


한글 관련 기사 [연합뉴스]

세계 두번째 줄기세포 치료제도 한국서 나왔다

식약청, 카티스템·큐피스템 품목 허가
`타인 줄기세포치료제`·`지방줄기세포치료제`의 세계 첫 개발

국내 업체가 개발한 심근경색 치료제 `하티셀그램-AMI`가 지난해 세계에서 처음 줄기세포치료제로 허가받은데 이어 세계 두 번째 줄기세포 치료제도 국내에서 나왔다.

식품의약품안전청은 19일 메디포스트[078160]의 연골재생 치료제 `카티스템`과 안트로젠의 치루 치료제 `큐피스템`, 두 가지 줄기세포 치료제의 품목 허가를 승인했다고 밝혔다.

특히 카티스템은 환자 자신의 줄기세포(자가)가 아닌 다른 사람의 줄기세포(타가)를 사용하기 때문에 이번 허가를 통해 세계 최초의 `타가 줄기세포 치료제`로 공인됐다. 타가 줄기세포 치료제는 대량 생산이 가능하고 품질도 일정하게 유지할 수 있는 장점이 있다.

해당 업체들에 따르면 카티스템이나 큐피스템 모두 품목 허가 후 1~2개월 안에 곧바로 출시가 가능한 상태다.

메디포스트의 카티스템은 제대혈(탯줄혈액)에서 뽑은 줄기세포를 원료로 퇴행성 관절염이나 손상된 무릎 연골을 치료하기 위한 의약품이다.

최대 10만명에 이르는 것으로 추산되는 관련 질환 환자들에게 인공관절 치환술에 앞서 새로운 치료 기회를 줄 것으로 기대된다.

안트로젠의 큐피스템은 환자 자신의 지방조직에서 추출한 줄기세포로 만든 `크론성 치루` 치료제로, 지방조직을 이용한 줄기세포치료제로는 세계 첫 허가 제품이다. 크론성 치루(누공)는 희소난치 질환인 크론병 환자에게 나타나는 합병증으로 항문 주변의 피부에 생긴 구멍을 말한다.

현재 국내 크론병 환자는 약 5천~1만명 정도로, 이 가운데 20~40%가 합병증으로 크론성 치루를 앓고 있다.

규정상 식약청은 품목허가 신청 접수 후 145일(공휴일 제외)안에만 허가 여부를 결정하면 되기 때문에, 지난해 9월 신청된 이들 치료제의 품목 허가 시한은 3월초였다. 그러나 `첨단 바이오신약 신속 제품화 지원` 정책의 성과로 허가 시점이 다소 앞당겨졌다는 게 식약청의 설명이다.

식약청은 올해 역시 바이오의약품의 제품화 기간을 줄이고 안전관리 수준을 높이기 위해 ▲프로젝트 매니저(PM)제도 도입 ▲첨단바이오제품의 허가심사 제도 정비 ▲위험도별 선택적 제조소 정기점검 체계 도입방안 마련 ▲국가출하승인제도 시행 등을 추진할 계획이다.

프로젝트 매니저는 철저한 품목 관리를 위해 한 공무원이 특정 바이오의약품의 개발부터 시판 후 안전관리까지 모든 주기에 걸쳐 관리를 전담하게 하는 것이다.

아울러 연구개발의 불확실성을 없애고 상품 개발을 촉진하는 차원에서 임상시험 승인이나 품목허가에 앞서 `사전검토제`가 도입된다.

생물학적 제제의 경우 원료·중간제품·완제품 등 모든 제조공정에 대해 업체의 제조·품질관리 자료를 확인하는 `국가출하승인제도`도 6월부터 본격 시행된다.